Wednesday, October 9, 2024

ANALYSIS OF LAURA AIME'S HALLOWEEN NIGHT MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE TED BUNDY CASE

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                                                                       Laura Ann Aime


The myriad of questions surrounding the Halloween 1974 murder of 17-year-old Laura Aime has distinguished it as one of the most intriguing cases in the study of Ted Bundy's history. Examples of said mysteries include:

1.) Did Bundy hold Laura captive, keeping her alive for "several days" - more accurately, twenty days, per the death date set by the medical examiner - as an addendum in her autopsy report suggests? 
2.) Why was Laura's hair described as "freshly washed?" (Such an observation is not present in her autopsy file.) 
3.) Where exactly were the tire tracks investigators found at the dump site - American Fork Canyon, east of the Timpanogos Cave [National] Monument⁷, or 500 yards north east of the Timpanogos Cave Visitor's Center¹³ - as the site appears mostly inaccessible by vehicle¹⁰⁺¹¹ and Bundy likely rolled Laura's body part-way down an embankment, just off the American Fork Canyon [paved] Road above⁷? (Plaster casts were taken of these tire tracks and later sent to the Colorado Bureau of Investigation, which determined the casts were of the same width and had the same tread design as the tires that were on Bundy's 1968 Volkswagen in 1974.⁵) 
4.) What made two of Laura's friends think they had received a phone call from her in mid-November 1974, weeks after her disappearance?
5.) Could Bundy have returned to the dump site? (The two hikers who discovered Laura's body reported seeing a light blue Volkswagen in the area at the time of their discovery.⁵ The color of Bundy's Volkswagen was also mistakenly described by survivor Carol DaRonch, initially, as light blue.¹⁴)
6.) And, of course, the predominant question of all, the one that generates the most discussion about the Laura Aime case: Did Bundy know her?

This article does not attempt to provide researched answers to those questions. Instead, it will examine a surprisingly neglected aspect of the Aime case: the two conflicting versions of Laura's whereabouts that Halloween night. Doing so may ultimately confirm or invalidate in your mind whether Bundy did, in fact, have an acquaintanceship with Laura, thus departing from his usual modus operandi of killing only strangers and classifying Laura as an anomaly among his victims.

First, a bit of Laura's background for context, as gathered from various sources: Either during her sophomore year or before what would have been her junior year, Laura dropped out of high school and chose not to move with her family from Mount Pleasant, Utah, to Salem, Utah.

TIMELINE OF LAURA'S MOVEMENTS, FIRST VERSION
These are the conclusions that the Utah County Sheriff's Office recorded in its case reports.⁴ They were first published in narrative form in Ted Bundy: The Killer Next Door by Steven Winn & David Merrill (1979). Excerpts from that narrative comprise the timeline below; phrases and sentences with superscript notations at their ends are derived from other sources (i.e., not the Winn & Merrill book).

Laura was living with the family of her friend, "Judy Olsen," in American Fork, Utah. In the Winn & Merrill book, Laura's friend is identified as "Judy Olsen." But her name was likely Jody [sp.?] Nelson.¹ 

Halloween night, Thursday, October 31, 1974:

7:00 P.M.: "Fred Strobbe" picked up Laura, "Judy," and "Judy's" brother "Mark Olsen" at the "Olsens' " house to attend a party at Steven Bullock's² mobile home in Orem, UT. Laura was dressed in casual clothes (i.e., not a Halloween costume). 
[Blog's note: The distance from American Fork to Orem is roughly 9.3 miles, or an approximate 18-minute drive, making the friends' arrival time at the party approximately 7:18 P.M.]

around 10:00 P.M.: Bored at the party, Laura left by herself.

[Blog's note: The distance from Orem to the site of Laura's next reported appearance - the original location of Jack and Jill Bowling Lanes in American Fork¹¹ - is roughly 8.7 miles, which would have taken Laura approximately 2 hours and 48 minutes if she'd walked. If she hitchhiked after the party and caught an undisclosed ride to the bowling alley - which is the more likely scenario, if this first version of her movements is valid - it would've been an approximate 14-minute drive, depending where she was picked up.]

10:30 P.M.: "George Roth" (or, George Alley³), an acquaintance, picked Laura up in front of the Jack and Jill Bowling Lanes in American Fork. Laura complained to George about the "cowboys" she'd encountered while traveling from Orem; the "cowboys" had either a.) ignored her attempts to hitchhike, spraying dust from their vehicle(s) on her instead, or b.) offered her a lift(s), which she'd rejected². 
                                                      -  OR -
11:00 P.M.: Bryan Southwick saw Laura by Jack and Jill Bowling Lanes in American Fork. Laura was hitchhiking north at the time along U.S. 89.¹⁵
[Blog's note: Perhaps Bryan saw Laura before George picked her up, and one of the guys had their times mixed up.]

[Blog's note: The distance from the original location of the bowling alley¹¹ to the site of Laura's next reported appearance - the former Knotty Pine - is 4.3 miles, or an approximate 10-minute drive.]

[estimated time, based on George's account] 10:40 P.M.: George dropped Laura off at the Knotty Pine Café (aka, "Mole" Brown's Café¹) in Lehi, UT, where she went in and had a Coke. 

unknown time: Once again finding herself bored, Laura headed from the Knotty Pine to William S. Robinson Park (aka, Robinson Park) in American Fork. 
[Blog's note: The Knotty Pine may also have closed at 11:00 P.M.,¹ forcing Laura to seek another destination - the park. The distance from the former Knotty Pine to Robinson Park is 3.3 miles, which would've been a 75-minute walk for Laura, putting her arrival at the park at the estimated time of 12:15 A.M.; unless she hitchhiked and arrived earlier, at approximately 11:08 P.M., per the estimated 8-minute drive.]

shortly after 12:00 A.M.: Laura left the park, last seen by Thomas Jones around midnight²⁺¹⁵.

[Blog's note: Laura had consumed alcohol at some point during the evening, as toxicologic tests in her autopsy report indicated a blood alcohol level of .107.]    

Utah County Sheriff's Office was never able to establish where Laura disappeared (i.e., where Bundy encountered her)¹⁰ after her last known sighting at the park. 

Sunday, November 3, 1974:

unknown time: From the Aime residence in Salem, UT, Laura's mother, Shirleen Aime, called the "Olsens" in Orem to check on Laura. Mrs. "Olsen" replied, "Isn't she with you? We haven't seen her since Thursday when she and 'Judy' and 'Mark' left for the Halloween party." 
[Blog's note: Ann Rule's The Stranger Beside Me quotes Mrs. "Olsen" as saying, "Laura isn't here. We haven't seen her since she left on Halloween."]         

                                         - - - end of relevant events in the timeline - - - 

The element that legitimizes some of Laura's movements in this first version of events is the "Olsens." It seems Laura was likely bunking at their house at the time of her disappearance because not only did her mother, who was accustomed to speaking with Laura almost daily, call that residence looking for her after three days of no communication, but Mrs. "Olsen" confirmed as much in her response to Mrs. Aime. Mrs. "Olsen's" response also validates that Laura did attend a party in an Orem trailer park, as Mrs. "Olsen" observed Laura leaving the "Olsen" residence with two of the "Olsen" children. 

The problem with this first version is that without the benefit of police reports, verification of these eyewitness accounts is nearly impossible. Were "Judy Olsen" and "Mark Olsen" able to corroborate their mother's statement to Mrs. Aime that they and Laura had departed the "Olsen" residence on Halloween to attend a party? Did anyone from the party - like the host, Steven Bullock² - come forward to confirm Laura's attendance? How did Thomas Jones²⁺¹⁵ know Laura was in Robinson Park at midnight - was he a friend of hers who spoke with her there? Also, without reference to police reports, the critical question of "when" these eyewitness accounts were recorded is unanswerable. The sooner they were taken by authorities, the more accurate they likely are. But no investigation into Laura's initial "disappearance" was performed when her mother formally reported her missing on November 5th or 6th¹² because authorities dismissed Laura as a runaway. Certainly, efforts were launched when her body was discovered on Wednesday, November 27, 1974⁷⁺⁸ (her parents made the identification the next day,⁴ on Thanksgiving). However, the investigation was hampered from the beginning, not only due to the inexperience of former patrol deputies who comprised the fledgling detective division of Utah County Sheriff's Office at the time of Laura's murder¹⁰, but because Sheriff Mack Holley refused to cooperate with - among other authorities - the Utah County Attorney's Office and the sheriff's office in Salt Lake County (where one teenage girl - Nancy Wilcox - had already disappeared, another - Carol DaRonch - had escaped an attempted kidnapping, and a third - Melissa Smith - had been found murdered in an identical fashion to Laura; all girls  - plus, 17-year-old Debra Kent of Bountiful, UT - were later determined to have been murdered or nearly abducted by one perpetrator, Ted Bundy).

TIMELINE OF LAURA'S MOVEMENTS, SECOND VERSION
This rendition is based on Laura's friend's, Marin - pronounced like "Corinne," but with an "M"¹ - Beveridge's, 1977 statements to Utah County Sheriff's Deputy Dick Smith and Utah County Attorney's Office Investigator Brent Bullock. Dick Smith had first interviewed Miss Beveridge in 1975 - after Ted Bundy's initial Utah arrest in August of that year - and had learned from her then that in late summer/early autumn 1974, a man had been hanging around Brown's Cafe, in Lehi, where Laura was suspected of disappearing; Beveridge had identified the man from a photo lineup as Ted Bundy.⁴ Though nothing came of Miss Beveridge's statements in 1975, by 1977, authorities were eager to follow up with her. The first source Miss Beveridge's account appeared in print was the book Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger by Richard W. Larsen, the narrative of which is excerpted in the timeline below; phrases and sentences with superscript notations at their ends are derived from other sources. 

Halloween night, Thursday, October 31, 1974: 

[Blog's note: Though Laura had stayed with the Beveridges previously¹, there is no indication by Marin that Laura was couch-crashing at the Beveridge home on this date.]

Marin hosted a Halloween party at the Lehi, UT, house of her parents', who were out of state at the time¹, and Laura and several other teenagers attended. The boys brought an abundance of vodka, and Laura consumed a lot of alcohol (including Jungle Juice¹). 

about 12:00 A.M. or so - OR - 10, 10:30 P.M.¹: Laura was "drunk" and wanted to walk downtown to buy some cigarettes. She requested Marin accompany her, but Marin declined. She discouraged Laura from going because of the lateness of the hour.¹ Marin watched Laura start walking toward Brown's Café (aka, the Knotty Pine¹) in Lehi, which was open all night (or, it closed at 11:00 P.M.¹). 
                                                       - OR -
along towards midnight: Laura wanted to hitchhike from Marin's party to downtown [Lehi] to buy cigarettes. Marin refused to go with her. She was [also?] going to hitchhike down to American Fork. ⁵
[Blog's note: The distance from the former site of the Beveridge home in Lehi¹⁰ to the former Brown's Café is 0.3 miles, or a 6-minute walk. Laura was probably hoping to buy cigarettes at Brown's Café before it possibly closed at 11:00 P.M.¹ and would've accepted a ride if offered one, but it's unlikely she "wanted"⁵ to hitchhike such a short distance. If, however, her destination was American Fork, then, yes, Laura would've likely preferred to hitchhike the roughly 3.3-mile distance from the Beveridge home, rather than attempt the approximate 75-minute walk while intoxicated.]

unknown time: Vera Campbell - Marin's older sister¹ - witnessed Laura get into Ted Bundy's Volkswagen outside of Brown's Café,⁶ where Vera was an employee. (Vera⁶ made a positive identification of Bundy.)
[Blog's note: Again, Brown's Café purportedly closed at 11:00 P.M.¹]

around 3:00 or 4:00 A.M.: As Laura had not returned from her errand, Marin and some of her party guests went to town to (unsuccessfully) look for her. 

[Blog's note: Among the conflicting reports and varying times within this second version of events, the only indisputable piece of evidence (thanks to phone records) is that Bundy called his Seattle girlfriend Liz at 10:25 P.M.² from his apartment in Salt Lake City, UT. The distance from his residence to the former Brown's Café is 31 miles, or an approximate 37-minute drive. Assuming Bundy went out hunting for a victim (or Laura, specifically) after his phone call with Liz - say, around 10:45 P.M. - he would not have even arrived in Lehi until around 11:22 P.M., after Laura would've likely been forced to leave the café (if it indeed closed at 11:00 P.M.¹); thereby possibly invalidating Vera Campbell's reported sighting of Laura's getting into Bundy's car outside Brown's Café⁶.]

Unknown date:
Marin phoned authorities to report Laura missing, but was informed that a family member of the missing had to file such a report.¹ 

                                         - - - end of relevant events in the timeline - - - 

The legitimacy of this second version of events hinges on Miss Beveridge's credibility. She did pass a polygraph test, at Investigator Bullock's request.⁴ Her account was also believable enough to prosecutors to potentially call her as a witness in Bundy's Colorado murder trial, along with other unnamed witnesses who could testify that Ted had hung around Brown's Café, where Laura frequented.⁵ Without access to police reports, it's unclear if these witnesses could also corroborate Laura's attendance at Miss Beveridge's alleged Halloween party or could attest to the numerous encounters between Bundy and Laura that Miss Beveridge claimed to have observed (reviewed below). However, according to Investigator Bullock, these additional witnesses were not even interviewed until 1977, when he joined the Laura Aime investigation: 
I had an intern guy who went over [to Lehi] and interviewed some people, and we found some people over there - it was called Brown's Café over at Lehi. And he had two or three people [who] identified him [Ted Bundy] as an individual who'd been in there. And one was this girl [Marin Beveridge].¹⁰

For the purposes of evaluating Miss Beveridge's credibility, let's examine two particular Ted/Laura interactions of the numerous she revealed, along with discrepancies in the descriptions of said interactions. Miss Beveridge's statements have been solely responsible for originating the popular theory that Ted Bundy had a relationship with Laura Aime prior to murdering her, as she alleged to authorities multiple instances of Bundy's September - October 1974 interactions with Laura and her group of friends around Lehi, UT; noteworthy is the absence of transactions in Lehi and American Fork within Bundy's gas records²:

Interaction #1:

a.) Sourced from the first printed reference to the story, Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger; author Larsen constructed the following narrative based on Miss Beveridge's 1977 interviews with Utah County Sheriff's Deputy Dick Smith and Utah County Attorney's Investigator Brent Bullock:
An older, good-looking, wavy-haired man, who said he was a university student and who drove a Volkswagen, had first appeared at the small town of Lehi one day in September 1974. Marin remembered that she and Laura were sitting together in sunshine with some other teenagers on the grass of a high school. He joined them. When a boy teased Laura by putting some grass down her halter top, the "college guy" objected. "This guy came unglued and told him [the boy] Laura was his," Marin said.

b.) As the story appeared in "Similar Transaction No. 2" in later 1977⁵: 
On another occasion, either late September or early October [1974], Laura Ann Aime introduced Ted Bundy to a group of her friends, including Jerry Bowers. Jerry Bowers and Ted Bundy got into an argument after Jerry puts grass in Laura's halter top. Bundy told Jerry to leave Laura alone because Laura was his girl. Laura told Bundy to "Get screwed." Bundy was left speechless.

c.) In 2018, Marin Beveridge gave an interview to historian/researcher Captain Borax on his YouTube channel and relayed a new version of the incident. The dialogue went:
C.B.: Well, there's that, that old story you hear about how Ted came up to you guys when you were sittin' there [at the old high school/ junior high in Lehi¹], and he started stuffin' leaves down her [Laura's] shirt, or something like that.

M.B.: Yep. Well, he would sit there and pull the grass out of the lawn, and he put that down her shirt. And that, that's when Jerry [Bowers] told him, "Enough's enough," you know? He was that. . . in-, in-. . . um, what's the word I'm looking for?. . . [*sigh]. . . I'm not sure. . . [insistent] on Laura. He was bound [and] determined he was gonna have her.

Granted, forty-one years had passed between Miss Beveridge's first iteration of the story and her last recollection of it, (forty-four years since the alleged encounter itself). Also, Captain Borax's leading question which illustrated Bundy, rather than Bowers, as the culprit in stuffing leaves/grass down Laura's shirt may have thrown off Miss Beveridge's memory of the event. 

Interaction #2:

a.) Sourced from the first printed reference to the story, Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger; author Larsen constructed the following narrative based on Miss Beveridge's 1977 interviews with Utah County Sheriff's Deputy Dick Smith and Utah County Attorney's Investigator Brent Bullock:
Marin told her interviewers she had seen the man [Ted Bundy] again and again, once driving his Volkswagen past Marin's house when Laura was there. One night he came to the house and called Laura outdoors where they held a private conversation. Afterward, said Marin, "Laura was really shook up. But she wouldn't say what happened."

b.) As the story appeared in "Similar Transaction No. 2" in later 1977⁵: 
On another occasion, Ted Bundy went to a house where Laura was visiting. Laura went outside with Ted and became quite upset. A witness [Marin Beveridge] heard Laura tell him "Get the fuck out of here, I don't want to see you no more."

c.) During Marin Beveridge's 2018 interview with Captain Borax, she relayed a new version of the incident. When asked if Ted knew where she (Marin) lived, she replied:
All the parties and shit was always at my mom and dad's house 'cause my dad was a long-distance truck driver, never home. And my mom would always go with him - you know, we was teenagers, she didn't need to sit home with us and babysit, you know? And, yeah, he [Ted] showed up one day at my mom and dad's door; and I don't remember who it was that answered the door, but they're like, you know, "You're not welcome here. Get the hell off the porch." And that's back when my mom and dad had a old wood porch. And, um, I wanna, I wanna, um, I wanna say it was my [older¹] brother Bill that answered the door that day, but I'm not, I'm not positive. And like I say, you're [*unintelligible] cop [. . .] now. [*laughter] But, uh, I mean, he - but, I mean, Bill's - no bigger than what I am, you know; I mean, well, maybe a little bit nowadays 'cause I got bone cancer. But, um, Bill. . . I mean, he [Ted] just pushed my brother over like he was fuckin' not even there, and come into my mom and dad's front room. And Laura went out. . . see, my mom and dad had, had. . . we [the family] went in through, through the kitchen, into the house. But there was one - a door - almost side by side, that went into the front room. My dad always had that one blocked off; you know, we didn't use that door. And when he [Ted] came in, into the front room after Laura, I told her, I said, "Go out the front room door!" And she went out the front room door; and all the guys were like, stood in front of both doors, and they were like, "Leave her the fuck alone, dude." You know, "What part of - do you not understand - is she does not want nuttin' to do with ya." I mean, he was insistent that she was gonna be with him. [She'd say,] "Look, just leave me alone. I don't want nuttin' to do wi'ch ya," and that didn't even work, you know? The more - I, I, I swear to God - the more people would tell him to back off, the more he was insistent on being with her, you know? If that makes any sense. [. . . .] She was crying.

Again, forty-one years had passed between Miss Beveridge's first iteration of the story and her last recollection of it, (forty-four years since the alleged encounter itself). But the two versions differ drastically. 

Without police reports to reference, it's difficult to know what else Miss Beveridge may have revealed to Sheriff's Deputy Dick Smith during her initial interview in 1975, besides the information that Ted Bundy had hung around Brown's Café in the weeks leading up to Laura's murder - did she also tell him about all those supposed meetings between Ted and Laura (like the two above), or did those stories only surface later in 1977 when the Aime case was being re-investigated? Logic dictates that even if Miss Beveridge fabricated the Ted/Laura encounters, she may have been honest about Laura's attendance at her party Halloween night. 

Rather than scrutinizing Miss Beveridge's credibility or motives, Bundy author Kevin M. Sullivan - who adamantly maintains the belief that Bundy and Laura had no previous relationship - has adopted a more pragmatic approach when debating the authenticity of their supposed interactions. He instead focuses on when the testimony was reported to police; and because it was done so after Bundy's August 1975 arrest, a witness's memory may have been tainted by the extensive Utah news coverage of the arrest and subsequent investigation. Here is a response from Mr. Sullivan in the Facebook group "In Plain Sight" during a 2019 discussion of the possible Ted/Laura relationship:
There are numerous problems with that supposed connection. One has to do with Laura's disappearance in the early morning hours of November 1, 1974. She was found on November 27, I believe, and these people who supposedly knew Bundy and knew that he and Laura had an argument NEVER came forward until AFTER Bundy came to light in 1975!!! Do you find their tale believable? I don't. Why wouldn't they have told Sheriff Mack Holley what they knew long before this? It just doesn't ring true. Plus I have some printed info that the prosecution who knew of this story [Salt Lake County Deputy District Attorney Dave Yocum, who prosecuted Bundy in the DaRonch kidnapping trial] were not very impressed with what they knew about it. It just doesn't add up in my view.
(District Attorney Dave Yocum would not have prosecuted the Laura Aime case, though, if Bundy had ever been charged. That task would've fallen to Utah County Attorney Noall Wootton, whose office was investigating her case in 1977.)

Perhaps the strongest argument against the validity of a Ted/Laura acquaintanceship, as postulated by Bundy researcher Joy Mulvaney in her December 31, 2022, post in the Facebook group "In Plain Sight," is a common-sense one:
It seems very unlikely to me that Laura [continued] to hang out with Ted and [hopped] in his car [Halloween night] when he constantly degraded and threatened her[, according to Marin Beveridge's statements]. 

Indeed, Miss Beveridge made no bones about how disinterested and often upset Laura was during all her supposed encounters with Bundy. So, as Ms. Mulvaney pointed out, why would Laura accept a ride from Bundy that last night, per Marin's sister's observation⁶?

A third, more obscure theory involving the possible location Laura encountered Bundy that Halloween night exists but has never gained as much traction as the two primary versions. The theory originated from FBI agent Chris W. Eskridge, "[who] was investigating the Laura Aime case, working directly with Utah County law enforcement [and] collecting data in the months after Ted Bundy's arrest in August of 1975."¹⁷ He wrote in an official report:
I suspect that Laura continued hitchhiking toward Lehi [from where, he doesn't say] but was picked up along U.S. 89 somewhere between where the road divides on the north end of American Fork and the Bryants' home. This is a long, not frequently traveled, dark straightaway road.¹⁷
(It's unclear why Special Agent Eskridge suspected Laura was hitchhiking "toward Lehi.")

Kevin M. Sullivan was the first Bundy author to reference this theory in published form, borrowing from Stephen G. Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth's The Only Living Witness (originally, 1983) to construct a semi-alternate narrative of events. Sullivan wrote that Laura attended the aforementioned house party in Orem. She left around midnight - (Michaud & Aynesworth said before midnight) - with the intention of hitchhiking into Lehi - (Michaud & Aynesworth contended she decided to hitch a ride into downtown Orem, to buy a pack of cigarettes). Mr. Sullivan proposed Laura "would naturally have taken U.S. Highway 89 going north" and noted authorities' belief that "Laura disappeared along one of the more desolate and dark portions of [that] highway," (which alludes to Special Agent Eskridge's theory¹⁷). ⁹ 

Bundy's own October 31, 1974, recorded activities do fit this third variation. Without a specific address for "U.S. 89 [. . .] where the road divides on the north end of American Fork,"¹⁷ calculations are not precise; but Bundy would've had a roughly 33-mile drive from Salt Lake City to American Fork proper and arrived in an estimated 38 minutes - at approximately 11:23 P.M. - after he ended his phone call to Liz, or a roughly 41-mile/46-minute drive to Orem's general vicinity, arriving at approximately 11:31 P.M. (In the first and third timelines, Laura departed the Orem party at 10:00 P.M. or midnight, thereby negating any possibility of Bundy's abducting Laura before speaking to Liz - he could not have abducted Laura at her earliest reported departure time from the party - 10:00 P.M. - and returned to Salt Lake City in time for his 10:25 P.M. phone call to Liz.)

If we apply Occam's Razor to the three possibilities of Laura's activities on the night of October 31, 1974, as presented in this article, the third one  - the simplest explanation - would be the most likely. But it doesn't explain all the eyewitnesses prevalent in the first version: Were those who sighted Laura in various locations all mistaken? Because Ted Bundy never elaborated (nor speculated) on his involvement in the Laura Aime case¹⁶ - at least, not in any available resources - the circumstances of her disappearance will always remain a mystery.


CITATIONS
¹ Marin Beveridge's statements, "Ted Bundy By Marin Beveridge 2018 Phone Interview (2020 Update)," June 29, 2020, Captain Borax YouTube channel, https://youtu.be/7doWEogYy-U?feature=shared

² Ted Bundy: A Visual Timeline by Rob Dielenberg; Electronic version: Copyright © Robert A. Dielenberg, May 2016., Copyright © Motion Mensura Pty. Ltd. May 2016., Updated edition, November 2016, 2nd updated edition July 2017. 
This text is the only one among the more prominent works in Bundy literature to present both primary variations of Laura's movements the night of Halloween 1974.

³ "Ted Bundy Victim Deep Dive. Laura Ann Aime.," Another Bundy Blog. by The Yellow Beetle, April 2, 2024; source of the name "George Alley" uncited; https://anotherbundyblog.com/2024/04/02/laura-ann-aime/

Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger by Richard W. Larsen, Copyright ©1980 by Richard W. Larsen, © renewed 2018 by Becky Beasley

⁵ "Similar Transaction No. 2" is a legal document filed in November 1977 by Colorado 9th Judicial District Attorney Frank G. E. Tucker and Deputy District Attorney Milton K. Blakey during pretrial of Bundy's first-degree felony murder case in Pitkin County, Colorado. It is commonly circulated online as "Laura Aime Autopsy Report." (This document contains at least one mistake: it states that Laura Aime's body was located on Thanksgiving Day, when, in fact, it was located the day before, Wednesday, November 27, 1974.⁷⁺⁸)
In order to bolster Colorado State's case against Ted Bundy for the 1975 Aspen murder of Caryn Cambell, Prosecutor Blakey was attempting to introduce mostly homicide cases from Utah with similar modus operandi to Campbell's, offenses which Bundy was suspected of committing, but not charged with (i.e., "similar transactions"): Melissa Smith, Laura Aime (Similar Transaction No. 2), and Debra Kent, as well as the Carol DaRonch aggravated kidnapping case which Bundy had already been convicted for. Multiple law enforcement officers and county or district attorneys in both Utah and Colorado investigated Laura Aime's case to contribute to the information presented in "Similar Transaction No. 2." Ultimately, however, the presiding judge of the Caryn Campbell trial, the Honorable George E. Lohr, ruled in favor of Bundy's defense and denied admissibility of all similar transactions, except the Carol DaRonch case.

⁶ information communicated by Ted Bundy researcher and YouTuber Chris Mortensen (aka, Captain Borax) in his video "Ted Bundy By Marin Beveridge 2018 Phone Interview (2020 Update)," June 29, 2020, https://youtu.be/7doWEogYy-U?feature=shared

⁷ "Slay Victim Identified As Salem Girl, 17; Investigation Intensifies" by Ron Barker; The Daily Herald, Provo, Utah, Friday, November 29, 1974

⁸ "Body of Slain Girl Found in AF Canyon," American Fork Citizen, December 5, 1974; courtesy of "Ted Bundy 'I was trying to think like an Elk' " Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/TedBundyResearchBlog

The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History by Kevin M. Sullivan, ©2009 Kevin M. Sullivan

¹⁰ "Laura Aime/Ted Bundy, The Utah County Case," Captain Borax YouTube channel, June 29, 2020, which includes interviews with both former Utah County Attorney's Office Investigator Brent Bullock and former Utah County Sheriff's Office Sgt. Owen Quarnberg (lead investigator on the Aime case);

¹¹ "Laura Aime Abducted by Ted Bundy Location tour in Utah 2017 (Update)," Captain Borax YouTube channel, June 29, 2020, https://youtu.be/KgYOh6CBE4E?feature=shared

¹² This blog is not in possession of the missing person's report Shirleen Aime filed on her daughter. The filing dates noted in this article - November 5th or 6th - were sourced from the following passage in Ted Bundy: The Killer Next Door by Steven Winn & David Merrill, Copyright © 1979 by Steven Winn and David Merrill:
Finally, five days after Laura had last been seen, Shirleen Aime called the police.

¹³ "Murder victim identified as missing Salem girl," The Deseret News, November 28, 1974; courtesy of The Yellow Beetle [see ³]

¹⁴ "Trial Transcript: Carol DaRonch, Part II, 1976," Ted Bundy: Killer in the Archives blog, December 4, 2019, https://killerinthearchives.blog/trial-transcript-carol-daronch-part-ii-1976/

¹⁵ "This document compiled by Brent Bullock, Utah County Attorney's Office," as partially featured in "Ted Bundy By Marin Beveridge 2018 Phone Interview (2020 Update)," Captain Borax YouTube channel, June 29, 2020, https://youtu.be/7doWEogYy-U?feature=shared :




¹⁶ "The Utah Confession, 1989," Ted Bundy: Killer in the Archives blog, November 21, 2019,
https://killerinthearchives.blog/the-utah-confession-1989/ ; transcription referenced to review Bundy's (lack of) responses to the brief mentions of Laura Aime by Salt Lake County Sheriff's Detective Dennis Couch during their January 22, 1989, interview

¹⁷ "Captain Borax True Crime Research and More" Facebook page, September 26, 2017, post (description excerpted);
The partial report  - as written by FBI agent Chris W. Eskridge - featured in the post, the second paragraph of which was transcribed in this blog article:


Also notable in this report is the dubious, perplexing information about Bundy contained in the first paragraph, as transcribed:
9.     The suspect [Ted Bundy] often came into Brown's Restaurant in Lehi with a friend. The friend drove a blue-green late model truck, was approximately 6'1" and slender. They frequently visited Brown's when the Ewings were the managers, this being from January 1975 through the summer months of 1975.

Could the witnesses Investigator Brent Bullock's intern developed in 1977¹⁰ - the ones who identified Bundy as the man who'd hung around Brown's Café - not only have been mistaken in their identification, but also in their recollection of time periods (meaning, the man they thought was Bundy had patronized Brown's Café not in late summer/early autumn 1974, but in 1975, well after Laura had been murdered)?

ADDRESSES
The street addresses gathered from various sources which were used to calculate distances and times for this article are the following:
1.) the former site of the Knotty Pine/Brown's Café: 130 W. Main Street, Lehi, UT
2.) original site of Jack and Jill Bowling Lanes¹¹: 615 E. State Street, American Fork, UT
3.) former site of the Beveridges' house: 165 N. Center Street, Lehi, UT¹⁰
4.) boarding house where Ted Bundy was a tenant: 565 E. First Avenue, Salt Lake City, UT 


- - -    My immense gratitude to the authors, researchers, and content creators who've made such significant contributions to the Laura Aime case and have shared their discoveries, as well as to those who challenged my own preconception that Ted had essentially been stalking Laura in the weeks leading up to her murder. You inspired this article.    - - - 


Copyright © 2024 Cynthia Walker. All Rights Reserved.

Monday, September 23, 2024

CRITIQUE OF "A LIGHT IN THE DARK: SURVIVING MORE THAN TED BUNDY" BY KATHY KLEINER RUBIN AND EMILIE LE BEAU LUCCHESI


Kathy Kleiner Rubin's autobiography is an inspiring story of bravery, resilience, grace - and, ultimately, victory - in the face of adversity. Having experienced more than her fair share of suffering - from childhood lupus, assault trauma, and divorced motherhood to breast cancer and Hurricane Katrina - Kleiner Rubin shares her hard-won pearls of wisdom and imparts loving messages of hope to anyone struggling and, especially, to survivors of, what she terms, "death sentences." Kleiner's perceptible passion for living, as well as her determination to fight for quality living, fostered in her a tremendous vitality that sustained her during the darkest times and now incites readers to crave the same spirit. Kleiner Rubin is not only an impressive heroine, but a good writer. Readers will find themselves caringly participating in her journey as if she were a friend; she was similarly embraced by the true crime community when she began coming forward in the media after decades of private life. 

Present, however, is an overarching conflict in the intentions of this book. Kleiner Rubin prefaces her story with the usual rhetoric that Ted Bundy's victims and survivors have been overlooked by history in favor of the sensationalism of a monster. The voices of the women and girls attacked and murdered have been silenced by the misguided public fascination with their killer, yada yada. Kleiner Rubin is determined to give a platform to all the victims not just through her triumphant survival of Bundy and the telling of her story, but by squashing what she perceives as every misconception about the infamous serial killer. Herein, lies the irony. We are told that Bundy shouldn't take center stage in the study of his crimes, but Kleiner Rubin has written her story as it parallels Bundy's own. He is, surprisingly, a central figure in the way Kleiner Rubin has chosen to narrate her memoir. As she chronicles each of her adult life stages, she also documents what was happening in Bundy's case at the time. Never does she delve too far into her own experiences without circling back around to the serial killer and reminding the reader that they are actually reading a Ted Bundy-themed book. 

Why has she done this if she firmly believes notorious, malevolent offenders should be deprioritized? Likely because she and her co-author Lucchesi concluded that the Kathy Kleiner Rubin story wouldn't sell as a stand-alone without heavily featuring a historical figure like Ted Bundy. But they're wrong. Kleiner Rubin's narrative would've been a compelling enough read if she'd limited mention of Bundy to merely his impact on her life - i.e., the brutal Chi Omega assault, the trial she stood witness in, the overbearing media coverage of his legal proceedings as she recovered from the trauma - rather than interweaving the entirety of his criminal exploits throughout the book. If, however, Kleiner Rubin's decision to prominently present Bundy in her account was based on an objective to demythologize the serial killer, the authors could've conducted a more thorough study before asserting their deductions.

Repeatedly, Kleiner Rubin attempts to alter public perception of Bundy by citing examples that are contradictory to his image as a handsome, intelligent serial killer who charmed unsuspecting women into his car and to their deaths. She has adopted the approach that two truths cannot exist simultaneously: because Ted Bundy was such a vile human being, he could not have possessed any attributes. And, by extension, he certainly couldn't have leveraged those attributes to fulfill his purposes of harming women because, according to Kleiner Rubin, Bundy mostly attacked women as they slept or jumped them from behind. Not only have the authors included an appendix entitled Setting The Record Straight in which they erroneously categorize the victims by the methods by which they were attacked, they write: "The 1970s idea that naive girls had followed Bundy into his car [remains,] even though there were only a handful of known instances of women agreeing to follow him when he said he needed help." The point of this exercise is, according to Kleiner Rubin's premise, to shift any lingering blame away from the victims' actions which may have contributed to their murders. But when has anyone ever condemned these women and girls for believing the lies of a manipulative con artist like Bundy? 

Using the authors' own categorical models in the book's appendix, here are some revisions that represent the victims more accurately (as well as chronologically rather than alphabetically):
 
Attacked while sleeping in bed or abducted from bedroom:
1. Karen Sparks (survived)
2. Lynda Healy
3. Margaret Bowman
4. Lisa Levy
5. Kathy Kleiner (survived)
6. Karen Chandler (survived)
7. Cheryl Thomas (survived)
. . . . . .  [To increase the length of the list, the authors have misleadingly included assaults of suspected, but unproven, Bundy victims with known names - i.e., Bundy accosted at least one other sleeping woman who survived, but her identity is unknown: 
8. Ann Marie Burr
9. Lisa Wick (survived)
10. Lonnie Trumbell
11. Shelley Robertson] . . . . . . 

Abducted/attacked from behind:
["Attacked from behind" is too broad a description; more appropriate is "jumped," "overpowered," or "blitz-attacked," wherein a ruse was not employed by Bundy.]
1. Nancy Wilcox
2. Melissa Smith
3. Debra Kent
4. Denise Oliverson
. . . . . . [Again, to increase the length of the list, the authors have misleadingly included "attacked from behind" abductions of suspected, but unproven, Bundy victims with known names - i.e., Bundy perpetrated multiple, "inept" - as he called them - assaults of unknown women who were neither abducted nor killed:
5. Joyce LePage
6. Rita Jolly
7. Nancy Baird
plus, a whopping nine more Bundy murder victims, which this blog has placed in more specific categories.] . . . . . .

Unknown [approach]:
1. Laura Aime
2. Lynnette Culver [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
3. Susan Curtis [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
. . . . . . [The authors have included murders of suspected, but unproven, Bundy victims:
4. Elizabeth Perry
5. Susan Davis
6. Vicki Lynn Hollar
7. Sandra Weaver] . . . . . .

Picked up as a hitchhiker:
1. the Tumwater hitchhiker [omitted from any of the authors' categories]
2. the Idaho hitchhiker [identified by the authors as "anonymous hitchhiker, age fifteen"]
. . . . . . [The authors have included hitchhiking murders of suspected, but unproven, Bundy victims:
3. Brenda Joy Baker
4. Carol Platt Valenzuela 
5. Melanie Cooley] . . . . . .

Misrepresented himself as a police officer [or first responder]:
1. possibly Kathy Parks [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
2. Carol DaRonch (survived)
3. possibly Kimberly Leach [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]

Attacked [initially outside Bundy's car, unless "*"] after agreeing to help him [i.e, Bundy's injury ruse]:
[This revised total adds up to a bit more than the "handful" the authors claim.]
1. likely Donna Manson [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
2. Susan Rancourt [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
3. Georgann Hawkins [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
4. *Janice Ott
5. *Denise Naslund [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
6. Caryn Campbell [placed in the authors' "Abducted/attacked from behind" list]
7. Julie Cunningham

This blog has devised an additional category for further detail; the majority of the victim names have already been included in the various categories above:
Attacked inside Bundy's vehicle (or possibly in his apartment or hotel room, in two cases) after willingly agreeing to ride with him:
1. the Tumwater hitchhiker 
2. possibly Donna Manson
3. Kathy Parks
4. Brenda Ball [placed in the authors' "Unknown" list]
5. Janice Ott
6. Denise Naslund
7. the Idaho hitchhiker
8. Carol DaRonch (survived)
9. Lynnette Culver
10. possibly Kimberly Leach [i.e., she may not have been a willing passenger]

Feel free to contact the blog to request additional clarification regarding each victim's categorical placement.

Rather than creating all these categories to preserve the victims' dignity by attempting to corroborate their assertion that Bundy primarily attacked sleeping women or accosted "from behind," perhaps the authors could've accomplished the same goal with a concise statement like, Every single one of Bundy's victims who either accompanied him to or inside of his car only did so because they were deceived. Even the mere two victims who possibly agreed to go with Bundy on an impromptu date - Kathy Parks and Brenda Ball - did so under Bundy's false pretenses, as he always intended to murder them. "Admitting" to these facts in the case still doesn't make any of the victims responsible for their own demise. Kleiner Rubin's endeavor to undermine Bundy's mystique as a sophisticated, discerning killer of classy, educated beauties is a worthwhile one. But it shouldn't be at the dismissal of factors such as Bundy's cunning, personability, charisma, and exceptional social skills, which indisputably contributed to his success in luring approximately fourteen victims through various ruses. As a fellow true crime researcher often notes about Bundy Lake Sammamish victim Janice Ott, a pretty, twenty-three-year-old juvenile probation officer who possessed enough life experience and smarts to not be naive: "Jan wouldn't have agreed to get in someone's car to help launch their sailboat - much less, have requested a ride in the boat - if they looked like Henry Lee Lucas or were as dull as Gary Ridgway."

Kleiner Rubin is so keen on transferring focus away from Bundy and towards remembrance of his victims that she and co-author Lucchesi have also written another appendix in the book, How To Honor The Women And Girls Who Lost Their Lives To Bundy. This section provides fifteen tips on how properly to converse about Bundy, namely to correct anyone who perpetuates the standard myths that Bundy was charming, intelligent, or "lived a double life." (Remember, Bundy was such a morally reprehensible creep - which, he was - he possessed no attributes whatsoever - except, he did.) In fact, the authors maintain, Bundy only accrued a substantial kill count because "he was a White, middle-class male in the 1970s [. . . and] men like him had privilege and they could do what they wanted." Interesting. So, exactly what societal privilege was Black serial killer Wayne Williams exploiting when he killed multiple Black Atlanta children in the late 1970s - early 1980s? Same question regarding America's most prolific serial killer Samuel Little, a Black man whose ninety-three victims must've easily fallen prey to some mystery privilege bestowed on him.

The authors argue that the public embraces the double-life lore that Bundy "was a law student by day, serial killer by night, and he moved seamlessly [between] these two worlds[, because] it allows people to feel safe, as if Bundy was a special monster and now that he's gone, no one can ever be harmed again." In so theorizing, the authors have missed the predominant characteristic of Ted Bundy's legacy, and the incredibly important safety message produced by that legacy which has lasted decades beyond his crimes: Ted Bundy was exceedingly dangerous precisely because he appeared and acted so normal! Bundy shattered the illusion that women can trust their judgment about a seemingly harmless male stranger. I'll never forget what my mother said to me in 1995 at age twenty-three when I casually told her I'd accompanied one of my attractive male patrons in his car to breakfast at the Waffle House after my 2:00 A.M. bartending shift had ended, because I'd deemed him to be "nice" and "cool": "That's exactly what people said about Ted Bundy!" she admonished me. 

The authors have issued a call to action to memorialize Ted Bundy's victims by minimizing interest in their killer. Yet, despite the advantageous position Kathy Kleiner Rubin is in to contact fellow victims' families to learn more about their deceased daughters and sisters, she has chosen not to write a book profiling all the victims and survivors in-depth. (A paragraph is devoted to each of Bundy's confirmed and suspected murder victims in the back of the book.) Instead, she and co-author Lucchesi did the very thing they criticize documentaries and movies for doing: they produced content centered around Ted Bundy. They also could've donated proceeds from book sales to victims' advocacy groups or charitable organizations; however, no announcement about such plans has been offered. But guess what? Kathy Kleiner Rubin has the right to pen her autobiography any way she chooses, as well as do with the profits whatever she wishes. Good for her for accomplishing such a feat and for sharing her remarkable story! But, by the same token, we, too, have the right to freely discuss the case however we want and to reject the authors' corny suggestion of diverting dialogue away from Ted Bundy by mentioning that Lynnette Culver "loved swimming at her local pool[, and only] weeks before her death she had been delighted about receiving McDonald's coupons."

Want to know the best way to honor the victims? Study Ted Bundy's crimes. The two dozen women and girls who perished at the hands of a heinous predator didn't die in vain if future generations of females can derive safety lessons from Bundy's modus operandi in each individual attack. Pinpointing which actions the victims could've done differently in no way casts blame on them; it thwarts methods and advances that only pathological minds like Bundy's - not the rest of ours - could think of. My sorority's house mother, who resigned a few months before I pledged in 1990, was adamant the chapter diligently check our house's door locks, particularly the combination lock which tended to stick and leave the back door slightly ajar. Was "Nana" insistent on this practice because she faulted Kathy Kleiner and the other Chi Omegas for lapsing in their security measures? Of course not; she did it because she was a house mother on the Florida State University campus the night Bundy struck January 15, 1978. Naturally, she was traumatized and wanted to protect other young women by taking precautions. 

If there had been a Ted Bundy before Ted Bundy, perhaps most of the latter's victims would be alive today. They wouldn't have had our advantage of countless books and documentaries outlining all the ways Bundy attacked, but they would've heard enough news reports to be forewarned about engaging in certain risky activities, like hitchhiking. After all, killers like Bundy and Edmund Kemper effectively rendered that practice obsolete for females after the 1970s. Does that mean that during a less cautious era, the women who got into the car with Bundy were foolish for doing so? No, because without previous examples to learn from, they didn't recognize the inherent danger.

R.I.P., Donna, Georgann, Laura, Caryn, et al. You didn't deserve to die, but, hopefully, your deaths have kept the women of today a little safer. 

Copyright © 2024 Cynthia Walker. All Rights Reserved.

Monday, October 2, 2023

THE "WHY" OF TED BUNDY: A PERFECT STORM [Reddit comment]

 


Below is my relatively brief contribution to a Reddit topic. This blog will keep the original poster's identity anonymous unless he or she requests eponymous credit. The posted question was:

Why was [Ted Bundy] such a sadistic person[?] There's nothing in his childhood that would make him a sociopath. I don't think Bundy had any mental problems[,] he was just sinister. But there must be a reason as to why someone is like this[;] be [it] genetics[,] experience[,] or whatever[,] there's gotta be a reason here.

My thoughts (which echo a few points made in a previous post on this blog, "The Abuse Excuse" In Ted Bundy's Childhood: A Brief Dismissal):

I'm glad you have noted the "nothing in childhood" and "no mental disorders" when posing the question of "Why?" as it pertains to Bundy. Though wildly unpopular stances, they are opinions I more or less agree with. People want definitive answers, something conclusive to point to that reconciles the atrocities committed by an outwardly "normal" individual. But, unsatisfactorily, those reasons don't exist.

Frankly, I think Bundy was the perfect storm of multiple factors, as no single cause is sufficient to account for such aberrant behavior. Deprived of maternal bonding during the first three months of his life when Louise temporarily put him up for adoption probably didn't benefit Bundy's neurological development. Bundy may have inherited a predisposition toward violence and/or mental illness from his mother's parents, too. But there is no evidence that young Ted was either subjected to or witnessed the abuse or rage his grandfather purportedly demonstrated. And please, everybody, let's drop the myth that there was ever any confusion for Ted about the parental identity in his lineage (check out my blog article Debunking the Myth of Parental Identity Deception in Ted Bundy's Formative Years for further illumination). If anything in his childhood negatively impacted him, it was the separation from his beloved grandfather and temporary instability of his home life when he moved cross-country with Louise, and she subsequently married Ted's stepfather within a year's time.

These events aside, something was clearly already fractured in Bundy's psychiatry or personality [per Bundy author Kevin M. Sullivan] that elicited such an extreme reaction to discovering his illegitimacy during adolescence and which manifested as social stuntedness during high school. Perhaps growing up with a tenuous relationship between himself and his stepfather affected him, as did his unwitting role as default babysitter to his four much younger half-siblings.

Again, any one of these individual circumstances alone would not produce a monstrous human being. The cumulative effect may have. But far more critical to Bundy's later deviance was his sexual development. Fairly socially isolated in his teens, Bundy escaped into fantasizing, fueled by the violent pornographic images of detective magazines that he was particularly attracted to. Though not unusual behavior for a male adolescent, autoerotic activity influenced by such imagery nonetheless fostered the intersection of violence and sex in Bundy's still-developing brain. [The book featured in the thumbnail/cover photo of this blog article delves more in-depth into how the factor of Bundy's fantasizing contributed to his perversion.]

The clinical depression Bundy experienced subsequent to his traumatic first breakup with Diane during a critical period in his psychosocial development with the opposite sex likely scarred him. Characteristics such as insecurity, an inferiority complex, and his obsession with societal status were also components of Bundy's criminal psychology. It's a complex mixture that we can talk about at length, a pathology rife with so many ingredients that no two mental health professionals have ever agreed on a singular diagnosis for. Psychopathology, malignant narcissism, bipolar, and D.I.D. have all been posited by various examiners. Undoubtedly, with Bundy's criminal versatility (presenting as a range of behaviors from thievery to necrophilia), antisocial personality disorder cannot be overlooked; yet, I don't recall that diagnosis was even included in the DSM at the time of Bundy's evaluations by professionals (??). Modern day diagnostics are invalid because proper clinical criteria are devoid the patient's [Bundy's] presence. So, we're left with just speculation.

Antisocial personality disorder combined with a severe addiction to sexual violence may best define the construct of Bundy's mental malignance. But the origins of such abnormalities remain debatable and ambiguous. The answers eluded even Bundy himself, who proffered more insight than anyone . . . and it took him an entire book (Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer) to do so. However, the most outstanding of Bundy's statements - and the key to unlocking the mystery of "Why?" - is perhaps this explanation, as given to Detectives Chapman, Patchen, and Bodiford after his 1978 arrest:

See, I made myself the way I was.  . . . bit-by-bit and step-by-step and day-by-day.  . . . You see, I, there was a time, way back, when I felt deep, deep guilt about even the very thought of, of harming someone else. And yet for some reason I had desire to, to condition that out of me.  . . . Conditioned out on an abstract level and then when it got down to actual cases, it was guilt. I conditioned that out of myself too.

To paraphrase the movie "No Man of God," Bundy did what he did: because he wanted to.


This topic may be further developed on this blog at a later date.



Copyright © (2023) Cynthia Walker. All Rights Reserved.

Friday, July 8, 2022

"THE ABUSE EXCUSE" IN TED BUNDY'S CHILDHOOD: A BRIEF DISMISSAL [Reddit comment]


Below is my contribution on a Reddit topic, "[Any] Serial killers that didn't have a bad childhood?" A Reddit user had answered that Ted Bundy seemed to have had a decent childhood; in response to his/her answer, several other users countered with references to Bundy's grandfather. My thoughts:

It is a great myth in the Bundy case that young Teddy experienced or witnessed any abuse at the hands of his grandfather, Samuel Cowell. Bundy had no memory of such trauma; the second to last day of his life, his psychiatrist (Dr. Dorothy Lewis) tried to put him under hypnosis to extract some horror from his childhood, but Bundy still recalled nothing. The first accounts of Samuel Cowell's domineering, abusive, bad-tempered, bigoted character first became known in 1987, from interviews conducted by Dr. Lewis and Bundy's appellate attorney, Polly Nelson, with Cowell family members. That information was presented at Bundy's appellate competency hearing in '87, and then again in '89 for a Vanity Fair article (the writer of which also interviewed the Cowells).

What is never clear is the timeline of Samuel's tyranny. His other two daughters (besides Bundy's mother, Louise) offered some harrowing tales of Samuel's temper, but they never clarified if these episodes transpired before Teddy was born, or if they continued into his formative years. As we age, our anger becomes more subdued; so, Samuel may have matured out of his hot headedness by the time Teddy came along. Bundy had only loving memories of his grandfather during the first four years of his life he lived in the Cowell residence.

Bundy's upbringing was not unusual nor the causation of his developing into a serial killer. Everything with him seemed to be a brain issue. Yes, he experienced some hardship in childhood - moving away from his beloved grandfather, integrating into family life with his newly adoptive stepfather, not getting picked for some sports teams, a volatile and contentious relationship with his stepfather, and the teenage discovery of his illegitimacy. He also may have possibly experienced emotional neglect in his family - he was the oldest of five children (older by almost six years from the second child), and it seems a lot of responsibility was placed on him to take care of/babysit the younger children. But Bundy's biggest problem in childhood came when he started high school: he was inexplicably socially stunted and did not continue developing like his peers. Subsequently he kept to himself a lot, not knowing how to relate to other teenagers. I believe it was during this isolation that Bundy began heavily relying on his brand of porn - detective magazines - as well as fantasizing, to abate his loneliness.

Again, this obstruction in social development points to an underlying neurological issue or mental illness - (either of which could have resulted from the three months he spent in an orphanage of sorts when Louise initially put him up for adoption after giving birth) - and makes a much stronger case for the emergence of his violent psychopathy than unproven childhood abuse does.


This topic may be further developed on this blog at a later date.



Copyright © (2022) Cynthia Walker. All Rights Reserved.

Friday, May 27, 2022

WHY DID TED BUNDY TALK ABOUT SOME VICTIMS, BUT NOT OTHERS?

It's a question often asked and speculated about in various Ted Bundy social media communities: Why did Bundy talk about some victims, but not others? Perhaps it's an observation about Bundy's homicidal revelations more common among inquisitive newcomers to the case; but veteran students have also postulated their own theories on the issue. The query seems to have become more popular in the last couple of years, perhaps developing momentum after the Amazon Prime documentary, Falling for a Killer, aired in January 2020. Appearing in that documentary, the mother of Bundy victim Susan Rancourt made the following statement (in Episode 5): "[Bundy] wouldn't talk about Sue. He would talk about the others. I think at one point there were a couple psychiatrists that asked him about the different girls, and when they came to Sue... he said... 'I don't want to talk about her. I can't talk about her.' So... you know, in my mind, I think she got to him a little bit." (More on that statement momentarily.)

Whether during his third-person speculations with Michaud and Aynesworth, several conversations with his appellate attorneys Polly Nelson and Jim Coleman², during a futile, misleading interview with FBI Special Agent Robert Ressler (about Caryn Campbell), or in the final interviews with investigators and psychiatrist Dr. Dorothy Lewis prior to his execution, Bundy gave commentary - to one degree or another - about most all of his victims, including a handful of unidentified survivors. Mrs. Vivian Rancourt-Winters is accurate that Bundy never mentioned her daughter, Susan; but Susan Rancourt was not the only victim Bundy never discussed. Excluding girls approached but not assaulted by Bundy, the others are - and please leave comments if there are any mistakes in this list or succeeding others in the article -

Karen Sparks (survivor) 
Melissa Smith
Laura Aime
Carol DaRonch (Survivor. The commission of the crime was never discussed by Bundy; the criminal case was.) 
Kimberly Leach (discounting serial killer Gerard Schaefer's likely fabricated retelling of Bundy's disclosures to him about Leach)                                                      

Criminal case aside, the only (publicized) detail Bundy offered about the commission of the Leach crime was the following hearsay, as quoted from Dr. Robert D. Keppel's book, Terrible Secrets: Ted Bundy on Serial Murder: "Ted also told Hagmaier that Kimberly Leach was a victim of opportunity. He claimed that he'd driven to her middle school that morning in the FSU van looking for a teacher, or maybe one of the kids' mothers, to kidnap and kill. But after circling the school several times in search of likely prey, he settled on what was available, a 12-year-old schoolgirl." ¹

Note: Though Bundy never discussed specifics about any victim within the Chi Omega house, he did, at the end of his life, provide insight into the commission of the crime, collectively, as well as thorough description of his pathology over the nine days leading up to January 15, 1978. Unlike his verbal omission of the individual Chi-O sisters/attacks, Bundy did reveal a few specifics regarding Cheryl Thomas, FSU surviving victim of the same night. 

*     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *

Often the issue of Bundy's choice to remain mum about certain victims is referenced in community discussions on the topic of unconfirmed victims linked to Bundy; most notably, Ann Marie Burr. In the ongoing debate about the Burr case, an infamous, paraphrased quote by Bundy is usually cited by students who believe Bundy killed the little girl, as well as by those on the fence. The quote referenced is Bundy's alleged statement to Bob Keppel "that there were 'some murders' that he would 'never talk about,' because they were committed 'too close to home,' 'too close to family,' or 'involved victims who were very young'." ³ However, this quote has, in fact, been cobbled together from a passage in Keppel's book, The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer." To enlighten, these statements by Bundy were made to Keppel during their 1988 meeting at Florida State Prison; but they had nothing to do with Bundy's reluctance to talk about his own crimes. Bundy was instructing Keppel on proper techniques for interviewing serial killers, preparing him for the potential capture of the Green River Killer and/or for interviewing Bundy himself when the time came for his confessions. For Keppel's benefit, Bundy illustrated his own success in coaxing information out of his fellow death row inmates about their crimes which they had not divulged to anyone else. Writing in his own words, but using no direct transcript from Bundy, Keppel recalled in this excerpt from his 1995 book: 

[. . . .] Ted said frequently that there are some victims that killers just cannot talk about, because the victim might be someone with whom the killer had a kind of relationship, even if it was only in his own mind or if the victim saw something human or intimate in the killer through their association. Maybe it was someone the killer actually thought he liked. Of course, Ted was not known to have killed every woman with whom he had a relationship shorter than 10 minutes' duration, but to hear him talk, it would seem it was almost every woman.
    The victim might also be too young; it's not safe to be labeled a confessed child-killer in prison. Not only will the guards hate you, Ted admitted, but other prisoners will too. Finally, the victim might be too close to family or might be one of the killer's own family members. For example, even though Ted knew that he was a prime suspect in the disappearance of an 8-year-old girl who lived near his home in Tacoma when he was 14 years old, he steadfastly did not want to talk about this case [. . .].

Further demonstration the paraphrase was not relevant to Bundy's own crimes is that its inherent logic cannot be applied to examination of his refusal to discuss, say, Susan Rancourt. Bundy abducted Susan 112 miles away from his Seattle home, she was not acquainted with any of the Bundys, and she was 18 years old. These factors don't match the mythical Bundy criteria for silence of "too close to home, too close to family, or very young."

*     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *   

There were alternative, more legitimate possibilities - as theorized by many students of the case - motivating Bundy's refusal to speak of some victims. The following of Bundy's statements (as reported by Bill Hagmaier to Michaud & Aynesworth's in their 1989 edition of The Only Living Witness: A True Account of Homicidal Insanity) suggest that the murdered girls were so precious to him, he perhaps did not want to share such intimate, divine experiences with anyone else:

Hagmaier: "He said that after a while murder isn't just a crime of lust or violence. 'It becomes possession. They are a part of you. After a while, when you plan these, that person becomes a part of you, and you [two] are forever one.'
    "He said that even after twenty or thirty that it's the same thing, because you are the last one there. He said, 'You feel the last bit of breath leaving their body.' And he said, 'You're looking into their eyes' and, basically, 'a person in that situation is God! You then possess them and they shall forever be a part of you. And the grounds where you kill them or leave them become sacred to you, and you will always be drawn back to them.' "

From such perspective, perhaps some of the murders and some of the girls Bundy prized so highly, their secrets required closer guard than others. Abstract theories like this and more aside - and notwithstanding the complex and numerous constructs within Bundy's psychology that reinforced his steadfast denial of guilt, in general, for his crimes - there are more practical answers to the dilemma of Bundy's reserve in addressing certain victims. 

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In his interviews with Michaud and Aynesworth, Bundy hypothetically described the murders of, almost exclusively, victims whom he was asked about. They would be: Healy, Parks, Ball, and Ott & Naslund. He volunteered information about Wilcox, without naming her and without Michaud & Aynesworth realizing at the time the identity of the victim being described. Bundy didn't outright refuse to speak about any of the crimes the authors questioned him on, but he offered very little in the way of answers regarding the Chi Omega and Leach murders. Indeed, Bundy remained tight-lipped on both cases throughout his Florida incarcerations, for the primary reason those cases were either being tried or appealed for the entire span of eleven years following the murders. Supportively, here's what Bundy had to say to Keppel (per The Riverman) in 1988, pertaining to interviews of already-convicted killers linked to outstanding, unsolved cases (such as himself):

“Well, in that kind of circumstance, you see, everything is complicated by the demands of the criminal justice system, of the way everyone is more or less required to play the game. And a guy who’s in prison or whether he’s on death row or wherever, he has appeals, and he would simply be foolish to talk to the police about anything as long as his appeals are intact. Because the system, as it stands now, is not really geared to getting at the truth so much as it gets at portions of the truth. It gets at approximations of the truth. Whether it be a trial—and as long as a guy goes to trial, all you’re getting is what the witnesses say, you know. And that’s only part of the story, probably. The same is true on appeal. The guy who’s been convicted is bound to try to maintain his position, and he can’t say anything, is not in a position to say anything." 
    "I mean, first, on the one hand, he’s got his appeals, and so there are disincentives—clearly disincentives—to talking to you. On the other hand, what motivations would there be for someone in that position to talk to you about anything?"
    "I guess that you'd have to be able to give him something."

Bundy was looking for something to be given to him alright, during the next major event in which he revealed information on a grouping of victims, but omitted others: the "Bones For Time" scheme.

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During the last weekend of his life, Bundy supplied first-person accounts of the following victims: Hawkins, Campbell, Cunningham, Wilcox, Kent, Culver, an unidentified Idaho hitchhiker, an unidentified Tumwater, WA hitchhiker, and Manson. The murders to which Bundy admitted guilt were not randomly selected. His scheme was designed to optimize his chances at receiving a stay of execution: in exchange for Bundy's information regarding the location of  missing women's remains, investigators - upon finding the remains and proving Ted's credibility - plus families of still-missing girls would intercede on his behalf to Florida's governor, requesting an extension of Bundy's life. Ted would provide additional details of the murders if granted a stay. (Not all of his confessions in the presence of investigators conformed to the "Bones For Time" standard of recoverable remains- and unsolved cases-only: Campbell's body had been located in 1975 and Bundy had been charged with her murder; the final locations of the Tumwater hitchhiker and Manson he was intentionally vague about - he also had not introduced the Donna Manson case, Keppel had.) In Bundy's debriefing with Pacific Northwest and Western investigators, Sparks, Healy, Rancourt, Parks, Ball, Smith, Aime, and DaRonch were not addressed (at least, not significantly); Bundy reported only scant, logistical details about Lake Sammamish when prompted. The reasons for the omission of these cases were that all remains had previously been recovered and identified, Bundy had always been the prime suspect (unlike in any Idaho cases), or the women were still alive (with DaRonch's case having already resulted in Bundy's conviction); these crimes were of no advantage for him to elaborate on.

It's possible Bundy talked with Hagmaier about those victims after his time with investigators had concluded. But any existing conversations between them involving specific women have not been released. Only a brief, hearsay confirmation attributed to Hagmaier about Lake Sammamish and a direct, dubious comment about Hagmaier's knowledge of Chi Omega⁵ have been publicized; additionally, Bundy's account to him of Parks's abduction was depicted in the movie No Man of God. Bundy's remaining disclosures occurred on Monday January 23 with Dr. Lewis, wherein he volunteered unidentified assault victims prior to 1973, and answered questions she prompted him about pertaining to Lake Sammamish, Chi Omega, and Cheryl Thomas (he didn't name Thomas, but he obviously knew her identity) - as noted earlier in this article. He also allegedly introduced a sexual encounter with his younger sister. The final cases Bundy had to offer investigators were tape-recorded descriptions of the murders of Denise Oliverson (at the request of Detective Mike Fisher) and Susan Curtis (voluntarily); this event transpired on the morning of his execution, Tuesday January 24, as he sat alone in a holding cell and, allegedly, as he was escorted to the execution chamber. 

There were three factors precluding Bundy's ability or willingness to reveal details of some crimes the last days of his life, other than the "Bones For Time" criteria: a.) time, which was exceptionally short and poorly planned by him; b.) a one-time obstruction by his civil attorney, Diana Weiner, of Keppel's attempt to discuss a case not involving a missing woman (Healy); and c.) Bundy's insistence that he be permitted to present his full story rather than ticking off the facts of his murders, as is evident in Ted's verbal petitions to Keppel in 1989, per The Riverman (the crux of which are familiar to most students, if readers desire to skip ahead) :

1.) "Okay, but this is basically what I want to avoid, putting myself into a position where we more or less run through the standard litany of victims and without the depth of information and the precedent and antecedent stuff, what happened before, during, and after, what was going on in my mind. And that’s why I feel that I’d like to clothe these names in some kind of reality, even though it be a distorted reality. And I’m worried that—I won’t bullshit you—I’m worried that I—that we just run through it like this, and I can understand your curiosity, believe me, but we run through it like this, and we leave ourselves open to the temptation to leave it at that."

2.) “That’s the kind of atmosphere [- one in which we start from the beginning and tell the whole story -] where I would be able to give it to you, at least in a verbal form like it was. Not bits and pieces. What we have been doing is taking stuff out of context. And I know you have narrow focuses. You have a narrow focus given your law enforcement perspective. And that’s important for what you do. It’s important that those questions be answered. But it’s important for me that those questions be answered in context, for any number of reasons, but perhaps the most important reason is for my own family, so that they understand. But if they’re only getting part of the story, they’re only getting the worst stuff. You know what’s going to happen if and when all this stuff goes public, if all we did was just hit the whos and the whens and the body count. It’s going to be bad enough as it is.” 

3.) " [. . . .] here’s what it comes down [to] to me. I want the truth, the truth that’s going to be helpful to you, but the broader truth that has a wider application. That’s my bottom line. There’s just no way it can be done in these circumstances with this amount of time, and that’s the way it is. I’m not holding you hostage. If you don’t want to do anything with it, you’re free to walk away. [. . . .] I’m not asking for clemency, I’m not asking to get off. I’m not asking for sympathy, but I … I draw the line. We need a period of time, sixty, ninety days, a few months, systematically going over with everybody, bottom to top, everything I can think of. Get it all down. You can use it as you see fit. But— that’s how it is. [. . . .] all I can tell you is when you go out and talk to those other [visiting investigators], you can tell them this. Yes, I’m only going to give you part of it. I’ll give you something substantial, right now, to show you that my head is in the right place. I will not put myself in a position of giving it all away and not getting the kind of result that I think is best for my people, and I think for society in general. But I don’t want to sound like I’m too altruistic here—that is a consideration—but I am concerned about my own people. Bob, they’re going to get me sooner or later. Ahhh, you don’t need to worry about that, but you’ve been after this for fifteen years. A couple months is not going to make any difference. That’s what I have to say."

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When a parent loses a beloved child, their anguish is so profound, they want their child's death - particularly a tragic one - to have greater meaning. A young person who loses their life is often memorialized in lavish fashion, whether it be through more expensive, ornate interment structures, the establishment of a scholarship in their honor, or even a law passed in the child's name. So it is quite understandable that Mrs. Vivian Rancourt-Winters hopes her daughter - who genuinely sounded like a wonderful girl - somehow adversely effected Ted Bundy to the point he was too traumatized to speak of Susan's murder. (It should be noted that no public sources of Bundy's speculative or confessional interviews include his refusal to discuss Susan.) Mrs. Winters should not be deprived of that belief if it brings her solace. But for researchers of the case, the reality of Bundy's reasons for verbal omission of certain victims must be examined from an unemotional, impersonal perspective. After all, if we're attempting to grasp his psychopathology, isn't that how Bundy viewed the girls himself?

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¹ Credit and thanks to Bundy researcher, Leto MK, for sourcing this quote.

² As reported in Polly Nelson's book, Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer, Bundy mentioned three victims over a three-year span: 
a.) "his first murder," of which he briefly described the circumstances but omitted details of the killing
b.) an unidentified, long-haired, blonde woman whom he assaulted in the lobby her apartment building
c.) the unidentified 1974 Idaho hitchhiker (in 1989) 
    At least a.) & c.) were at the urging of Polly Nelson - Jim Coleman was also involved during occasion a.) - and both times Bundy chose which victim he would divulge, refusing only to elaborate on the Florida murders during occasion c.) because, "I owe that to the people who believe in my innocence." 

³ Wikipedia entry on Ted Bundy

⁴ Prior to a discussion about the paraphrase in a Bundy Facebook group that took place around 2019, I, among others, had knowledge of the source of the paraphrase and its original context. However, as I did not participate in the discussion on Facebook, I must give credit to professional Bundy researcher, Tiffany Jean, for seemingly being the first to publicly dispel the paraphrase as an actual Bundy quote and to cite its source for many who were unaware.

⁵ According to Bill Hagmaier during his appearance on the Oxygen Channel special Snapped Notorious: Ted Bundy: "[. . . Bundy] fit into [a] crowd well. My understanding is while emergency personnel were around the Chi Omega house, he was in the crowd drinking a beer."


                             
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